First two photos are Green Ricodera's and the third photo looks like Red 'Hairy' mushrooms, which I have also heard called 'Elephant Ear' mushrooms
Be really careful with the elephant ear mushrooms, when they get big they will catch and eat fish
Depends on the individual, but if you are having trouble growing those corals you should take a close look at your tank and your parameters. Those corals should flourish in almost any situation.
what are using to measure your salinity?
how are you calibrating it?
You should be calibrating it with a saltwater solution. You need to calibrate those things close the solution you will be testing, otherwise you can get inaccuracy when the point you calibrated to and the measure point are far off.
You can get 35 ppm calibration fluid on ebay for $3, i would highly suggest purchasing it and re-calibrating your refractometer and then check your salinity