To Reef Moderator----Larry, Very interesting explanation on ALK. What I did was to experiment to keep the costs low, and learn whilst doing it. I am far from your level, but I enjoy it when someone who really understands submits something that ordinary Joe Bloggs can understand. I obtained a tub of Bicarbonate [ 22g for £O-80] and baked it for 1hr at 300*F. I now have carbonate. I mixed it in varying proportions, untill when added to the experimental tank I have, the Ph remained the same whilst raising the ALK to various levels. I also use Calcium Hydroxide or Chloride [when available] as a stock solution too. [ this I buy for £2 for 2kg] So the effort works many ways. I just thought you'd like to know this. Regards.