The photos look like Cyano. It was suggested several times by Fast and myself that you replace the bulbs in your lighting fixture.
It seems you were wandering away from the suggestions offered by Fast, Algae outbreaks really come down to a nutrient issue, you have too much of something that is allowing the algae to grow. There are several things that can cause this including:
1) Old Bulbs - as they age, they shift light output into the red spectrum which fuels nuisance algae growth
2)Nitrates / Phosphates - These will usually be the limiting nutrient in most fish tanks. If phosphates are high, it fuels algae growth. High Nitrates can also cause algae growth but high nitrates are usually limited by relatively low phosphates. If you're feed frozen food such as mysis, is it being rinsed before being added to your tank?
3)Low flow or dead spots - Many types of algae do not grow in areas with adequate flow. If there are areas in the tank where you're noticing algae growth try placing some additional powerheads in the tank to increase flow
From reading the thread, it really sounds like your bulbs are old and need to be replaced. Don't worry about screens for the tank (which wont do anything for algae) or algae scrubbers (since you have a protein skimmer)
Start by changing your bulbs and giving things a few days and report back.
And no, you cant run phosphate removal media in your protein skimmer, you need a reactor, HOB filter, canister filter, reactor, or sump to run that type of media.
I honestly would not worry about the media if the bulbs have not been changed. I fought cyano for months in my tank going through everything except changing my bulbs. As soon as the bulbs were changed, the algae died off literally overnight